Outside Lower Eyelid in Rio de Janeiro Brazil
Surgical rejuvenation of the eyelids or Blepharoplasty is a procedure usually performed on otherwise healthy patients who may have excess skin, muscle, and fat around the eyelids. The operation is done to rejuvenate the eyelids and achieves a more youthful appearance.
An incision is made in the lower eyelid just underneath the lid margin where a normally occurring line or crease exists. The skin is gently pulled back to allow access to the area.
The tissue is dissected to the underlying fat pockets. The surgeon will gently press on the eye to better expose the fat that will be removed.
The pockets of fat are exposed and a series of surgical instruments are used to remove the fat.
The excess skin is pulled away and removed.
The wounds are closed with suture of the surgeon's preference.
Sutures may be removed in 3-5 days. Healing time may take up to two weeks. The patient can expect to see swelling and bruising during this time. It is possible that it may take several months before final results are achieved.
More Rio de Janeiro info...
Rio de Janeiro By car
Traffic within some parts of Rio can be daunting, but a car may be the best way to reach distant beaches like Grumari, and that can be an extra adventure. Avoid rush-hour traffic jams in neighborhoods such as Copacabana, Botafogo, Laranjeiras, and Tijuca, where moms line up their cars to pick up their children after school. In Rio, most road signals are placed after the curve you were supposed to take, and do not help unless you already know how to go there. Buy a map, and have fun.
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Rio de Janeiro By train
Rio's glorious Central Station, or Central do Brasil, made famous by a movie of the same name, serves mostly local commuter lines (SuperVia [3]), so it's unlikely that you'll arrive through here. It's worth a visit just to see it, though, you can get there either by bus or subway (subway is better; get off on Central station, line 1).
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Plastic Surgery News...
- Poniard Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
- A retrospective study suggests that antenatal corticosteroid treatment significantly reduces mortality in premature babies of 23 weeks gestation, however the authors caution that overall survival to discharge without adverse events was still very low.
Antenatal corticosteroid treatment is known to reduce respiratory distress and mortality in infants born between 24 and 34 weeks gestation, however it is not clear whether the benefits extend to those born at 23 weeks. As resuscitation at this age is becoming more common, the authors aimed to determine from available records whether they could find evidence of benefit. They carried out a retrospective medical record review across three US tertiary centres to identify infants born at 23 weeks gestation (23 weeks 0 days to 23 weeks 6 days) between the years 1998 and 2007. Pregnancies excluded were those with major foetal malformations, elective terminations, stillbirths, and those where parents declined resuscitation. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to assess the effect of steroids on the odds of death after adjustment for identified confounders. Primary outcome was infant death (death before hospital discharge).
There were 104,614 live births during the study period, and of these, 181 (to 149 mothers) met the inclusion criteria: 63 of the mothers received antenatal corticosteroids - 32 a full course and 31 a part course. Over third of the infants - 66 - died in the delivery room and of the 115 who survived to be admitted to the NNU, only 20 survived to discharge. The main confounding factor was multiple gestations, and after adjustment for this, use of antenatal corticosteroid was associated with a significant decrease in risk of death (odds ratio 0.32; 95% CI 0.12 to 0.84). When the effect of corticosteroid dose was analysed, only exposure to a full course was associated with benefit (OR for death 0.18; 95% CI 0.06 to 0.54). Although numbers of both severe intraventricular bleeding and necrotising enterocolitis were smaller in the corticosteroid group were smaller, the overall numbers affected were too small for any statistically significant difference to be detected.
The authors conclude that in their analysis, infants born at 23 weeks gestation whose mothers had received a complete course of antenatal corticosteroid had an 82% reduction in risk of death. They caution, however, that even amongst those exposed to corticosteroids, only 20% survived to discharge and half of these had severe intraventricular bleeding, necrotising enterocolitis, or both. They hope that their results will prompt randomised controlled trials with longer-term follow-up and economic analysis; nevertheless, they suggest that it would be reasonable to offer a full course of corticosteroid to mothers likely to deliver at 23 weeks, despite the low overall likely survival rate for the baby